operating reserves

A pricing scheme for operating reserves, which is based on the extended traditional peak load pricing theory and is compatible with auction based dispatching in the electricity market environment, is proposed in this paper.

文中对传统的高峰负荷定价理论在电力工业中的应用进行了扩展，提出了一种新的运行备用定价机制。

Procurement and pricing of operating reserves based on the peak-load pricing theory

基于高峰负荷定价理论的运行备用获取和定价

Apart from the immeasurable benefits like power to speak in the international financial forums, benefits of currency internationalization include international seigniorage revenue and financial profits from operating the offshore reserves of the currency.

作者认为，除了在国际金融体系中的话语权等无法计量的好处以外，货币国际化利益主要表现为国际铸币税收益，以及运用境外储备投资的金融业收益。

Operating reserves are equal to between 20 and 40 % of the annual operating budget.

操作储备是相等的到在20和40%每年营业预算之间.

It is reported that Guangzhou City Land Development Center is operating reserves for the755 hectares of state-owned land.

据报道，广州市土地开发中心业务储备为755公顷的国有土地。